Uso de elementos de protección personal en la atención del parto vaginal en tiempos de COVID-19 / Use of Personal Protective Equipment When Providing Vaginal Delivery Care in Times of COVID-19 / Uso de elementos de proteção individual na assistência ao parto vaginal em tempos de COVID-19

Introducción. En diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, se presentó un brote de neumonía atípica generado por el virus SARS-CoV-2, el cual es un tipo de coronavirus causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, que se convirtió con el tiempo en una pandemia. En este contexto, el uso de los elementos de protección personal tomó un especial interés, en especial para la atención del trabajo de parto vaginal, dada la confusión en los círculos obstétricos respecto a la mejor forma de proteger al personal sanitario en dichos casos. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es identificar cuáles son los elementos de protección personal indicados en la atención del parto vaginal y su correcto uso en tiempos de COVID-19. División de temas tratados. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura accediendo a las bases de datos: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Académico y sitios web como la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS), Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos (ACOG), entre otros. Se usaron palabras claves como "Infecciones por Coronavirus", "Parto Normal", "Protección Personal", "Personal de Salud", "Dispositivos de Protección Respiratoria" y "Dispositivos de Protección de los Ojos". La literatura permitió identificar aspectos introductorios al tema, epidemiología, características generales de los elementos de protección personal, y los elementos específicos para el uso correcto en la atención del parto vaginal. Conclusiones. El trabajo de parto es considerado como un procedimiento generador de aerosoles, por lo que se recomienda principalmente el uso de tapabocas N95 o un respirador que ofrezca mayor protección para personal de salud en la atención del parto vaginal, con el fin de evitar la infección por SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, se debe insistir en el uso adecuado y completo de los elementos de protección personal como lo son la bata quirúrgica, el gorro, el protector ocular y guantes, independientemente de la sintomatología de la paciente.

Introduction. In December 2019, in Wuhan, China, there was an outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a type of coronavirus causative of COVID-19, which overtime became a pandemic. In this context, the use of personal protective equipment is of special interest, especially when providing care in vaginal delivery, due to the confusion in obstetric circles regarding the best way to protect healthcare personnel in these cases. The objective of this review article is to identify which are the personal protective elements indicated for providing care in vaginal birth and their correct use during COVID-19. Division of Covered Topics. A narrative review of the literature was carried out, accessing the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and websites such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for the Control and Prevention of Diseases (CDC), and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, among others. Keywords such as "Coronavirus Infections", "Normal Birth," Personal Protective Elements," "Healthcare Personnel", "Respiratory Protective Devices", and "Eye Protection Devices" were used. The literature allowed us to identify introductory aspects on the matter, epidemiology, general characteristics of personal protective elements, and the specific elements for correct use when providing care in vaginal birth. Conclusions. Labor is considered an aerosol-generating procedure. Therefore, the main recommendation is the use of an N95 mask or a respirator which allows for greater protection for healthcare personnel when assisting vaginal birth, in order to avoid infection due to SARS-CoV-2. However, there must be an adequate and complete use of personal protective equipment, such as surgical gowns, hats, eye protection and gloves, regardless of the patient's symptomatology

Introdução. Em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, na China, houve um surto de pneumonia atípica gerada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que é um tipo de coronavírus que causa a doença COVID-19, que, com o tempo, acabou se tornando uma pandemia. Nesse contexto, o uso de elementos de proteção individual tornou-se de particular interesse, especialmente para a assistência do parto vaginal, dada a confusão nos círculos obstétricos quanto à melhor forma de proteger os profissionais da saúde nesses casos. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é identificar os elementos de proteção individual indicados na assistência do parto vaginal e seu uso correto em tempos de COVID-19. Divisão de tópicos abordados. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura acessando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar e sites como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC, na sigla em inglês) e o Colégio Americano de Obstetras e Ginecologistas (ACOG), entre outros. Foram utilizadas palavras-chave como "Infecções por Coronavírus", "Parto Normal", "Proteção Pessoal", "Pessoal de Saúde", "Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória" e "Dispositivos de Proteção Ocular". A literatura permitiu identificar aspectos introdutórios ao tema, epidemiologia, características gerais dos elementos de proteção individual e elementos específicos para o uso correto na assistência do parto vaginal. Conclusões. O trabalho de parto é considerado um procedimento gerador de aerossóis, portanto, recomenda-se principalmente o uso de máscaras N95 ou um respirador que ofereça maior proteção para os profissionais de saúde na assistência do parto vaginal, a fim de evitar a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2; no entanto, deve-se insistir no uso adequado e completo de elementos de proteção individual, como bata cirúrgica, touca, protetor ocular e luvas, independentemente dos sintomas do paciente.

Infección por coronavirus (COVID-19) durante el embarazo y su manejo terapéutico. Una revisión bibliográfica / Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) during pregnancy and its therapeutic management. A bibliographic review

Introducción: La COVID-19, produjo una emergencia sanitaria global. Además de los pocos conocimientos sobre el efecto de esta infección en la gestación, hay dudas sobre su impacto en el producto de la gestación. A pesar de que se sabe que las embarazadas son particular-mente vulnerables, no se cuenta con un esquema de manejo particular para estas; aunque hay reportes del uso de varios fármacos, de forma similar al tratamiento en otros adultos sin gestación. Objetivo: Conocer sobre la infección por la COVID-19 en la gestación y su tratamiento. Material y Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión teórica, como fuentes de información se tuvieron en cuenta las bibliotecas: MEDLlNE, EMBASE, PubMed y Cochrane. Se realizó una búsqueda basada en términos MeSH. Se incluyeron publicaciones sobre este tema, con diseño de revisión bibliográfica, observacional o analítico. Resultados: Se encontraron 43 publicaciones, de las que se suprimieron diez y se incluye-ron 33. Las acciones terapéuticas para el abordaje de la COVID-19 en la gestación abarca tres pilares: las acciones de prevención, el ingreso hospitalario y el manejo terapéutico indi-vidualizado. Conclusión: En las embarazadas con la COVID-19, el manejo no es diferente del utilizado en el resto de los adultos; incluye cuidados individualizados, según el estado de la paciente, encaminados a garantizar la sobrevida del binomio madre ­ feto. Se necesita más estudios para argumentar de forma objetiva estos resultados a favor de los puntos críticos de dis-cusión que están descritos en la presente revisión, ya que se trata de una enfermedad de aparición reciente.

Introduction: COVID-19 produced a global health emergency. In addition to little knowled-ge about the effect of this infection on pregnancy, there are doubts about its impact on the product of pregnancy. Although it is known that pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, there is no particular management scheme for them; although there are reports of the use of several drugs, similar to the treatment in other adults without pregnancy.Objective: Learn about the infection by COVID-19 in pregnancy and its treatmentMaterial and Methods: a theoretical review was carried out, as sources of information the libraries were taken into account: MEDLNE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane. A search based on mesh terms was performed. Publications on this topic were included, with a biblio-graphic, observational or analytical review design.Results: 43 publications were found, of which ten were suppressed and 33 were included. Therapeutic actions to address Covid-19 in pregnancy encompass three pillars: prevention actions, hospital admission, and individualized therapeutic management.Conclusion: In pregnant women with COVID-19, the management is not different from that used in the rest of the adults; includes individualized care, according to the patient's con-dition, aimed at guaranteeing the survival of the mother-fetus binomial. More research is needed to objectively argue these results in favor of the critical points of discussion that are described in the present review, since it is a disease of recent onset.

The Tertiary Hospital's Medical Materials Supply in the Prevention of Public Health Emergencies / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To ensure the supply of prevention materials in the tertiary public hospitals in prefecturelevel cities, and to make the process of allocating prevention materials more scientific and reasonable.@*METHODS@#Open the green passage, simplify the procurement process, carry out emergency procurement of related materials, ensure timely delivery of prevention materials, distribute them at different levels, and strengthen the warehouse management of prevention materials.@*RESULTS@#The scheme of emergancy supplies was constantly improved, and the supply of prevention materials was completed with good quality.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Using scientific and efficient management methods, the supply of prevention materials in medical institutions has been guaranteed, which has experience and reference significance for the prevention and control of similar public health emergencies in the future.

Sedación para procedimientos gastroenterológicos en tiempos de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Artículo de reflexión / Sedation in times of pandemic by SARS-CoV-2. Article of reflection

RESUMEN Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo coronavirus descrito por primera vez en China y con alta capacidad de propagación. Su presentación clínica más frecuente son los síntomas respiratorios, aunque se han descrito otros como los gastrointestinales. La transmisión ocurre por gotas, aerosoles, vía fecal oral, conjuntiva, fómites y por contacto directo con fluidos corporales del paciente. En este sentido, los procedimientos realizados en las salas de endoscopia deben considerarse de alto riesgo. Objetivo: describir y analizar las medidas de prevención frente al SARS-CoV-2 para la práctica endoscópica-anestésica u otros procedimientos que requieran sedación, con el fin de disminuir la exposición y así minimizar el contagio del personal de salud. Resultados: la respuesta global se ha enfocado en la utilización de elementos de protección personal para tratar de disminuir el riesgo al que se encuentra expuesto el personal de salud. Sin embargo, debido a la prontitud de la emergencia, no se han podido generar evidencias de alta calidad que permitan dar recomendaciones definitivas. Reflexión: el personal de salud debe tomar todas las medidas de protección que puedan ser consideradas como efectivas, además deconstruir protocolos y fomentar la adherencia a los mismos.

SUMMARY Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus described for the first time in China, with high capacity of propagation. Its most frequent clinical presentation is respiratory symptoms; however, others have been described as gastrointestinal. Transmission occurs by droplets, aerosols, oral fecal route, conjunctiva, fomites and by direct contact with body fluids of the patient. In this sense, the procedures performed in endoscopy rooms should be considered high risk. Objective: To describe and analyze preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2 for endoscopic-anesthesia practice or other procedures that require sedation, in order to reduce exposure and thus minimize contagion of health personnel. Results: The global response has focused on the use of personal protective equipment to try to reduce the risk to which health care personnel are exposed, but due to the urgency of the emergency, it has not been possible to generate high quality evidence to give definitive recommendations. Reflection: Health personnel should take all protective measures that can be considered effective, and also deconstruct protocols and encourage adherence to them.

Exploration and construction of the new generation of intelligent ICU unit based on 5G and artificial intelligence technology / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To explore the new generation of intelligent ICU Unit based on 5G and artificial intelligence technology.Methods:This study was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from May 2019 to August 2020. Based on a multidisciplinary team including medical, nursing, hospital management, clinical medical engineering, 5G technology, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, logistics service, etc, was assembled to intelligently design and reconstruct an intelligent ICU Unit of Emergency ICU.Results:Based on 5G technology, a new intelligent ICU unit environment was constructed to realize remote and high-speed interaction of multi-dimensional information in ICU, including intelligent assistance of remote monitoring, remote ward rounds, remote consultation and family visits. An intelligent hospital infection prevention and control system was established including automatic identification and alarm of hand hygiene and personal protection.Conclusions:The new generation of intelligent ICU unit combined with 5G and artificial intelligence technology has changed the mode of medical service for critically ill patients and improved the service level, which is worthy of further exploration and application.

Awareness and utilization of personal protective equipment among small-scale welders in Cross River State, Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Objective:Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the many low-and middle-income countries means that there is a growing demand for the welding industry. Previous studies in Nigeria, and other low-and middle-income countries have reported a significant discrepancy between awareness and consistent and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study assessed the awareness and utilization of PPE among small-scale welders in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods:This study was conducted in Calabar South Local Government Area using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data collection was with an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire, and an observation checklist was used to monitor the use of PPE among small-scale welders. Results:One hundred and sixteen small-scale welders were surveyed with a mean age of 34.9 ±9.1 years. Almost 90% of respondents had completed at least primary education. Eighty-one respondents (69.8%) were aware of PPE. Three-quarters of respondents (61/81) knewPPE protected the user from injury. The most frequently identified type of welding PPE among the respondents aware of PPE, were safety goggles (38.3%), hand gloves (25.9%), safety boots (19.8%), and coveralls (9.9%). 83.6% had access to PPE at work. However, only 14.4% reported using PPE consistently. Observation revealed that the PPE most frequently used, sunglasses, were not the recommended welding goggles.Conclusion:The low utilization of PPE calls for stricter enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations among welders in the informal sector, including implementing PPE awareness programs.

Recommendations for sedation outside the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic / Recomendaciones para sedación fuera de quirófano en la pandemia de la COVID-19

Abstract The current spread of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) and its disease COVID-19, has confronted society with a paradigm shift in all fields: political, social, religious, economic, and healthcare is no exception. This has created challenges for the adequate and safe delivery of services for patients and healthcare workers. Notwithstanding the global efforts to contain the spread of the disease, the outbreak continues to escalate. COVID-19 is currently the disease receiving the most attention worldwide; however, patients continue to present other conditions that demand the same level of care to be effectively controlled, so that they do not become another healthcare concern, as a result of potential secondary complications due to poor care. This reflection article gives recommendations to care for patients requiring diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures under sedation, outside the operating room, keeping the current standards and biosecurity protocols in mind. Moreover, it provides a brief description of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis and transmission routes.

Resumen La actual propagación del SARS-COV-2 (Coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo) y su enfermedad, la COVID-19, ha enfrentado a la sociedad a un cambio de paradigmas en todos los aspectos: político, social, religioso, económico, y el área de la salud no es la excepción; lo que ha generado retos para la adecuada prestación de servicios dentro del marco de seguridad para los pacientes y el personal asistencial. A pesar de los esfuerzos mundiales para contener la propagación de la enfermedad, el brote sigue en aumento. La COVID-19 es en este momento la enfermedad de mayor atención en el mundo, pero los pacientes siguen presentando otras patologías que requieren igual atención para ser controladas de manera eficaz, de modo que no se conviertan en otro problema para los sistemas de salud por las posibles complicaciones secundarias a la desatención de las mismas. Este artículo de reflexión brinda recomendaciones para la atención de pacientes que requieren procedimientos diagnósticos y/o terapéuticos bajo sedación fuera de quirófanos, teniendo en cuenta la normatividad actual y los protocolos de bioseguridad vigentes; adicionalmente, proporciona una breve descripción de la enfermedad, síntomas, diagnóstico y rutas de transmisión.

Compromiso cutáneo secundario al uso del equipo de protección contra COVID-19 en el personal de la salud / Secondary skin manifestations on the use of COVID-19 protection equipment in health professional

Resumen Desde la declaración de pandemia del coronavirus el mundo entero ha encaminado sus esfuerzos a ayudar a mitigar sus efectos, especialmente el personal de la salud. En ese intento por ayudar, buscan evitar su propio contagio por medio del uso de materiales de protección como mascarillas, gafas y guantes. Aunque protectores, éstos materiales y sus componentes pueden ser altamente perjudiciales para la piel, causando dermatitis de contacto, ulceraciones y erosiones. En esta revisión se abordan dichas manifestaciones y se proponen medidas para prevenirlas o tratarlas.

Abstract Since the declaration of coronavirus as a pandemic the entire world has directed its efforts to help mitigate the effects of it to the best of its ability, especially health personnel. In that attempt to help, we seek to avoid their own contact through the use of protective materials such as masks, goggles, and gloves. Although protective, this equipmment and its components can be highly damaging to the skin, causing contact dermatitis. This review addresses manifestations and reviews measures to prevent and cure them.

Traqueostomía en pacientes con COVID-19: recomendaciones actuales / Traqueostomy in COVID-19 patients: current recomendations

Resumen El nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, es una pandemia con alta morbimortalidad mundial. Uno de los factores más importantes es su alta tasa de transmisibilidad por gotitas, aerosoles y fómites. La tendencia actual es el aumento progresivo de pacientes contagiados en nuestro país y, por consiguiente, de mayor cantidad de enfermos en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) con uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). La traqueostomía (TQT) se utiliza en pacientes críticos para facilitar la VMI a largo plazo y el destete de la ventilación. Una TQT temprana, definida como la realizada en los primeros 7 días después de la intubación orotraqueal (IOT), se asocia a una reducción en el tiempo de la VMI, mortalidad y permanencia en UCI. La TQT es una técnica quirúrgica con alta generación de aerosoles la cual implica medidas especiales frente a la realización de ésta en pacientes con COVID-19. Para limitar el contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en los trabajadores de salud es necesario el uso de elementos de protección personal (EPP) adecuados según la intervención a realizar. Es por esta razón que en el presente artículo se propone utilizar el acrónimo C-O-RO-NA para no olvidar elementos y pasos fundamentales al momento de realizar esta técnica, minimizando de esta manera el contagio en los trabajadores de salud.

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19 disease, is a high mortality pandemic illness. One of the most important factors is its high rate of transmissibility by respiratory droplets, aerosols and fomites. The reigning trend of this disease is progressively increasing infected patients in our country, therefore, more patients in intensive care units (ICU) with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Tracheostomy (TQT) is used in critical patients to facilitate long-term IMV and ventilation weaning. An early TQT, defined as performed in the first 7 days after orotracheal intubation (IOT) is associated with a reduction IMV duration, mortality rate and length of stay in ICU. TQT is a surgical procedure which generates a huge amount of aerosols that need special measures to perform in COVID-19 patients. It is necessary to use appropriate personal protection elements (PPE) according to the intervention, limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in health workers. It is for this reason that this article proposes to use the acronym C-O-RO-NA to remember fundamental elements and steps when performing this technique in order to minimize health workers infection.

Practical guidance for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic; with special emphasis on the care of cardiovascular patients and personal protection

A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There are concerns regarding the spread of disease by asymptomatic carriers to healthcare workers who continue to see patients and to perform procedures on them. The infection then could be transmitted through them to other patients who eventually, could infect persons in the community. Further, limitations of existing tests to detect new cases that are negative early in the disease; and the inability to use appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE)also contribute to the spread of infection. This document, from the COVID-19 Working Group of Wellness and Radial Intervention Society, describes considerations for management and care of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with the concept of COVID 19 `designated` Vs. enabled` centers for those with symptoms of and/ or confirmed COVID-19 disease Vs. asymptomatic suspects. It also provides guidance to healthcare professionals, hospital administrators, and policymakers in general and to those managing patients with CV and other diseases, regarding the concept of `levels of personal protection` for staff; with suggestions for `equivalent innovative alternatives`, and a` protection plan` for patients to prevent the spread of disease. The guidance can also be broadly applied to surgical branches in general and to other specialties involved with invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive procedures such as gastroenterology, urology, anesthesiology, otolaryngology, and ophthalmology which carry a higher risk of exposure for healthcare professionals.

Práctica clínica, ámbito laboral y riesgos de la fisioterapia ante el COVID-19 / Clinical practice, work and risks of physical therapy in the face of COVID-19

RESUMEN En este artículo reflexivo se analiza el papel que juega la fisioterapia frente al COVID-19 en la fisioterapia respiratoria y la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, campos importantes y a su vez álgidos porque, ante la situación actual de pandemia, los profesionales de salud en general son sometidos a inadecuadas condiciones laborales que impactan su alta posibilidad de contagio en su ámbito social y económico. De igual forma, se especifica la relación del quehacer profesional de la fisioterapia con cada fase de intervención según la manifestación de los signos y síntomas que presenta el paciente, basados en procesos y procedimientos sustentados en experiencias de otros países, en especial de China. Finalmente se discuten las medidas seguras y la descripción del proceso acelerado para desarrollar la telerehabilitación como consecuencia del COVID-19.(AU)

This paper discusses the function of the physiotherapy against COVID-19: how does it work in the chest physiotherapy and workplace health and safety. These fields are considered leading and decisive to take care of health professionals. In general, they work under unsuitable conditions that raise the likelihood of virus transmission in the social and economic context. Likewise, it specifies the relationship between the function of the physiotherapy and every intervention phase, according to exhibiting signs and symptoms on the patient. It is based on processes and procedures that are underpinned by experiences from other countries, specifically China. Finally, there is a discussion about safety measures and a description of the accelerated process to promote remote physical therapy due to COVID-19.(AU)

Acciones del personal de salud del área estomatológica en relación a la COVID-19 / Actions taken by dental care providers in relation to COVID-19

Introducción: El brote de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ha sido declarado emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Los estomatólogos, entre el personal sanitario, son los más expuestos a la enfermedad porque su área de trabajo es la boca, sitio que se reconoce como el lugar a partir del cual se contagia la enfermedad. Objetivo: Esclarecer elementos relacionados con la COVID-19 y las medidas a tener en cuenta para la prevención del contagio del personal de salud del área estomatológica. Comentarios principales: No se ha descubierto un método único que cumpla con todos los requisitos con respecto a las infecciones asociadas a la atención médica. En el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 cumplen un papel importante las precauciones estándares, o sea, medidas que se aplican a todos los pacientes, independientemente del diagnóstico o de si se conoce si tiene una infección o está colonizado por un agente. El SARS-CoV-2 es un virus envuelto, y esta característica lo hace más sensible a la acción de las sustancias desinfectantes. Consideraciones globales: La COVID-19 manifiesta síntomas no específicos. Los más comunes son fiebre, anorexia y tos seca. La transmisión probablemente ocurre a través de la propagación del virus en el aire y por contacto. Con la implementación de precauciones estándares entre las que se encuentran la higiene de las manos, uso de equipos de protección personal y el cuidado del medio ambiente, se puede disminuir la posibilidad del contagio y contribuir a controlar la diseminación. Es importante que los proveedores de atención médica, dentro de los que se encuentra el personal de salud del área estomatológica, y el público conozcan este nuevo virus para que las acciones coordinadas, oportunas y efectivas puedan ayudar a prevenir casos adicionales o malos resultados ante el enfrentamiento a esta pandemia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a worldwide public health emergency. Dentists are the health care providers most directly exposed to this condition, since their area of activity is the mouth, a location recognized as the site through which the disease is transmitted. Objective: Clarify some notions about COVID-19 and the measures to be taken to prevent transmission to dental care providers. Main remarks: A single method has not been discovered which meets all the requirements concerning infections associated to medical care. In the struggle against COVID-19 an important role is played by standard precautions, i.e. measures applied to all patients, irrespective of their diagnosis or whether they are known to have an infection or be colonized by a given agent. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, a characteristic that makes it more sensitive to the action of disinfectants. General considerations: COVID-19 presents non-specific symptoms, the most common of which are fever, anorexia and dry coughing. Transmission probably occurs by the spread of the virus in the air and by direct contact. Implementation of standard precautions, among which are hand hygiene, the use of personal protection equipment and care for the environment, will lead to a reduction in the chances of contagion and will contribute to control the spread of the disease. It is important for medical care providers, among them dental care professionals, and the public at large to know about this new virus, so that coordinated, timely and effective actions may be taken which will help prevent the occurrence of new cases or bad results in the struggle against this pandemic(AU)

Medidas Mínimas de Bioseguridad en instalaciones de salud ante Pandemia por SARS­CoV­2 / Recomendaciones mínimas de Bioseguridad para Instalaciones de salud traba ja ndo con muestras de SARS­CoV­2 Desarrollado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resumen ejecutivo: Entorno laboratoria / Minimum Biosafety Measures in healthcare facilities during SARS­CoV­2 Pandemic

El SARS­CoV­2 es un nuevo virus, causante de la actual pandemia que nos afecta. Dada su virulencia y nuestro desconocimiento de su biología, representa una real amenaza para la población. Además de las medidas epidemiológicas, el personal de salud, clínico, técnico y administrativo son el frente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de nuestra población. Es de suma importancia que nuestro personal pueda implementar medidas básicas para minimi­ zar la exposición y contagio de este virus. Se ha revisado las recomendaciones generales de la Organización Mundial de Salud para personal de salud sobre requerimientos mínimos que debemos cumplir en tal entorno. También hemos provisto de rótulos que deben ser co­ locados en toda instalación que maneja muestras de SARS­CoV­2. Es necesario que esta información sea de fácil acceso para todo profesional de salud, y así pueda revisarla e inter­ nalizarla para su protección, la de sus pacientes, y familiares. Esperamos que sea de gran utilizad para fortalecer nuestras capacidades de bioseguridad en nuestro país, y utilizar esta información como herramienta educativa y de capacitación básica.

SARS­CoV­2 is a new virus, causing the current pandemic affecting us. Given its virulence and our lack of understanding of its biology, it represents a real threat to the population. Ad­ ditionally to the epidemiological measures, the clinical, technical and administrative person­ nel are at the front in the battle to diagnose and treat our population. It is of utmost importance that our staff can know and implement basic safety measures to minimize the exposure and spread of this virus. We have reviewed the general recommendations of the World Health Organization for healthcare personnel of the minimum requirements that we must meet in such an environment. Here, it has also been provided banners to be displayed in every facility processing SARS­CoV­2 samples. This guide must be easily accessible for all health professional to be reviewed and internalized for their safety, of their patients, and their families. We hope it will be of great use in our country to strengthen our biosafety capa­ bilities and to use this information for educational and training purposes.

Aerosol transmission of coronavirus in hospital / 上海预防医学

Coronavirus is human-to-human transmissible and often leads to nosocomial outbreak in the early stage, which poses a great threat to healthcare workers.Due to confined space, crowed population and some aerosol-generating medical procedures, hospital is vulnerable to coronavirus transmission and nosocomial infection.We review the mechanism and risk factors of coronavirus aerosol in hospital and summarize the evidence of aerosol transmission of three coronaviruses and the impact of air flow.Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of personal protection in the above-mentioned scenarios for the prevention and control of nosocomial infection.

Assessment of Primary Health Care for rural workers exposed to pesticides / Avaliação da atenção primária à saúde de trabalhadores rurais expostos a praguicidas

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the attributes of Primary Health Care (PHC) for rural workers; to analyze sociodemographic conditions, history of poisoning and hospitalizations for pesticides and use of personal protective equipment; and to verify exposure to pesticides by determining bioindicators. METHODS Cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study with a sample of 1,027 rural workers living in municipalities belonging to a regional health department in Southern Minas Gerais, whose PHC is governed by the Family Health Strategy model. We used the adult version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool Brazil) and a structured questionnaire to collect socioeconomic data, history of poisoning and hospitalization for pesticides and use of personal protective equipment. Blood samples were collected to measure biomarkers of pesticide exposure and signs of renal and hepatic sequelae. RESULTS Low education was prevalent, as well as the intense contact of workers with pesticides. Frequent use of personal protective equipment was higher among men, as was the history of poisoning and hospitalizations for pesticides. Rates of 20% poisoning, 15% liver disease and 2% nephropathy were detected. Signs of hepatotoxicity were more frequent in men. Gender differences were all statistically significant. Regarding PHC, only the attribute "degree of affiliation" had a high score. None of the poisoning cases detected in the study were previously diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high coverage of the Family Health Strategy, occupational risk and its consequences have not been detected by health services, which do not seem oriented to primary care, even lacking their essential attributes. There is a need for immediate and effective adaptation of public policies regarding the health of rural workers, with adequate training of teams and review of the portfolio of PHC services offered.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVO Avaliar os atributos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) na assistência à saúde de trabalhadores rurais; analisar condições sociodemográficas, histórico de intoxicação e internações por agrotóxicos e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual; e verificar a exposição aos praguicidas pela determinação de bioindicadores. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, com amostra de 1.027 trabalhadores rurais residentes em municípios pertencentes a uma superintendência regional de saúde do sul de Minas Gerais, cuja APS é regida pelo modelo da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Utilizou-se o Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária (PCATool Brasil) versão adulto e um questionário estruturado para coleta de dados socioeconômicos, histórico de intoxicação e internação por agrotóxicos e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para dosagem de biomarcadores de exposição a praguicidas e de sinais de sequelas renais e hepáticas. RESULTADOS A baixa escolaridade foi prevalente, bem como o contato intenso dos trabalhadores com praguicidas. O uso frequente de equipamentos de proteção individual foi maior entre os homens, assim como o histórico de intoxicação e de internações por agrotóxicos. Detectaram-se índices de 20% de intoxicação, 15% de hepatopatia e 2% de nefropatia. Os sinais de hepatotoxicidade foram mais frequentes em homens. As diferenças entre sexos foram todas estatisticamente significantes. Com relação à APS, apenas o atributo "grau de afiliação" apresentou escore elevado. Nenhum dos casos de intoxicação detectados no estudo tinha diagnóstico prévio. CONCLUSÕES A despeito de uma alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família, o risco ocupacional e suas consequências não têm sido detectados pelos serviços de saúde, que se apresentam como não orientados à atenção primária, carecendo mesmo de seus atributos essenciais. Percebe-se a necessidade de adequação imediata e efetiva das políticas públicas no que concerne à saúde do trabalhador rural, com adequada capacitação das equipes e revisão da carteira de serviços da APS ofertados.

Estudios de imagen cardiaca en la pandemia COVID-19 / Cardiac imaging studies in the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen El COVID-19 es un síndrome respiratorio agudo ocasionado por el coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). Los diferentes métodos de imagen cardiaca han dictado recomendaciones específicas de los diferentes métodos de imagen en esta pandemia, por lo que es indispensable recalcar las recomendaciones para la realización de estos estudios.

Abstract COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). The different cardiac imaging methods have issued specific recommendations for the different imaging methods in this pandemic, so it is essential to emphasize the recommendations for carrying out these studies.

impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el personal médico de los servicios de cirugía general del Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño: estudio de cohorte / Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Medical Staff of General Surgery Services at Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital. Cohort study

Las patologías quirúrgicas continúan siendo motivo de consulta habitual en los servicios de emergencia de nuestros hospitales, requiriendo una rápida evaluación y resolución oportuna aún en tiempos de pandemia, siendo muy probable que pacientes asintomáticos, con sospecha o confirmación de infección por COVID-19 ameriten una intervención quirúrgica.Objetivo : Analizar la incidencia de casos de COVID-19 y evaluar su correlación con el uso de equipos de protección personal en los médicos residentes y adjuntos de los servicios de cirugía general del Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño.Métodos : Se realizó una investigación de tipo observacional, descriptiva y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 32 médicos quienes respondieron anónimamente una encuesta electrónica realizada por el comité académico del Posgrado de Cirugía General.Resultados : El porcentaje global de participación fue 50,79%. Resultaron positivos para la prueba Reacción en Cadena de Polimerasa el 42% de los residentes y 9% de los médicos especialistas. El lugar más frecuente de probable contacto fue el hospital en 90% de los casos. El 50% de los médicos identificaron a un personal de salud como su fuente de contagio. Se reportó uso constante de equipo de protección personal y gel alcoholado en 47% y 72% de los casos respectivamente.Conclusión : El aumento de casos de COVID-19 en la población general y en el personal de salud debe alertarnos acerca de la necesidad de tomar medidas estrictas de protección en forma precoz orientadas a disminuir la incidencia de casos y por ende la morbilidad y la mortalidad asociada a la infección por el nuevo coronavirus(AU)

Surgical pathologies continue to be a common reason for consultation in the emergency services of our hospitals, requiring a rapid evaluation and timely resolution even in times of pandemic, and it is highly probable that asymptomatic patients, with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection, merit a surgical intervention.Objective : To analyze the incidence of COVID-19 cases and evaluate its correlation with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in resident and staff surgeons of General Surgery services at Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital.Methods : An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out. The sample consisted of 32 physicians who anonymously responded to an electronic survey conducted by the academic committee of the General Surgery residency program.Results : The overall percentage of participation was 50.79%. 42% of residents and 9% of specialist physicians were positive for the Polymerase Chain Reaction test. The most frequent place of probable contact was the hospital in 90% of the cases. 50% of the doctors identified a health personnel as their source of infection. Constant use of PPE and alcohol gel was reported in 47% and 72% of the cases, respectively.Conclusion : The increase in COVID-19 cases in the general population and in health personnel should alert us to the need to take stricter protection measures early in order to reduce the incidence of cases and, therefore, the morbidity and mortality associated with infection with the new coronavirus(AU)

Health protection guideline of enterprises during COVID-19 outbreak / 中华预防医学杂志

This guideline is applicable to the disinfection and personal protection measures for enterprise employees from perspetives of taking the commuter shuttles, having meals, and office life during COVID-19 outbreak.

Health protection guideline of enterprises during the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak / 中华预防医学杂志

This guideline is applicable to the disinfection and personal protection measures for enterprise employees from perspetives of taking the commuter shuttles, having meals, and office life during the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak.

Medidas de protección respiratoria de tuberculosis en personal de salud: revisión integrativa / Respiratory protection measures anti-tuberculosis in health personnel: integrative review

Resumen Introducción: los trabajadores de la salud (TS) son vulnerables a la infección por tuberculosis. Se suma el desconocimiento de los TS de las medidas de protección respiratoria que puede aumentar el riesgo individual de adquirir tuberculosis en instituciones de salud. Objetivo: describir la producción de literatura científica en las bases de datos científicas sobre las medidas de protección respiratoria de la infección tuberculosa durante el periodo 20122018. Síntesis de contenido: revisión integrativa a través de: formulación de la pregunta de investigación, recolección de datos, evaluación, análisis e interpretación de datos y presentación de los resultados. 45 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Las características predominantes de los estudios fueron: año 2017 con mayor número de publicaciones, en el continente de África, la metodología de estudio cuantitativo cuasiexperimental. En los estudios se identificaron las características del respirador N95 y la mascarilla quirúrgica, los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las medidas de protección respiratoria y programas educativos. Conclusiones: se evidenció que el respirador N95 es la medida de protección individual más eficiente para el control de la infección tuberculosa en los TS. También se identificó la necesidad del diseño de programas educativos sobre las medidas de protección de la infección tuberculosa.

Resumo Introdução: os trabalhadores de saúde (TS) são vulneráveis à infecção por tuberculosis. Além disso, há uma falta de conhecimento dos TS sobre medidas de proteção respiratória que podem aumentar o risco individual de adquirir tuberculose em instituições de saúde. Objetivo: Descrever a produção de literatura científica em bases de dados sobre medidas de proteção respiratória para infecção por tuberculose no período de 2012 e 2018. Síntese do conteúdo: revisão integrativa através de: formulação da questão da pesquisa, coleta de dados, avaliação, análise e interpretação dos dados e apresentação dos resultados. 45 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. As características gerais dos estudos foram predominantes: ano de publicação em 2017, no continente africano, metodologia de estudo quantitativo quase experimental. Nos estudos, encontramos as características do respirador N95 e da máscara cirúrgica, conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de medidas de proteção respiratória e programas educacionais. Conclusões: o presente estudo mostrou que o respirador N95 é a medida de proteção individual mais eficiente para o controle da infecção tuberculosa em profissionais da saúde. A necessidade de elaborar programas educacionais sobre medidas de proteção contra a infecção tuberculosa também foi identificada.

Abstract Introduction: health workers (TS) are vulnerable to tuberculosis infection. To this it is added the lack of knowledge of respiratory protection measures among TS, which can increase the individual risk of acquiring tuberculosis in health institutions. Objective: to describe the production of scientific literature in scientific databases about respiratory protection measures for tuberculosis infection during the period 2012 - 2018. Content synthesis: integrative review through: formulation of the research question, data collection, evaluation, analysis and interpretation of data, and presentation of results. 45 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The predominant characteristics of the studies were: year 2017 with the largest number of publications, in the continent of Africa, the methodology of quasi-experimental quantitative study. The characteristics of the N95 respirator and surgical mask, the knowledge, attitudes and practice of respiratory protection measures and educational programs were identified in the studies. Conclusions: it was shown that the N95 respirator is the most efficient individual protection measure for the control of tuberculosis infection among TS. The need for the design of educational programs on protection measures for tuberculosis infection was also identified.